Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
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Tropical data: Approach and methodology as applied to trachoma prevalence surveys
Harding-Esch EM , Burgert-Brucker CR , Jimenez C , Bakhtiari A , Willis R , Bejiga MD , Mpyet C , Ngondi J , Boyd S , Abdala M , Abdou A , Adamu Y , Alemayehu A , Alemayehu W , Al-Khatib T , Apadinuwe SC , Awaca N , Awoussi MS , Baayendag G , Badiane MD , Bailey RL , Batcho W , Bay Z , Bella A , Beido N , Bol YY , Bougouma C , Brady CJ , Bucumi V , Butcher R , Cakacaka R , Cama A , Camara M , Cassama E , Chaora SG , Chebbi AC , Chisambi AB , Chu B , Conteh A , Coulibaly SM , Courtright P , Dalmar A , Dat TM , Davids T , Djaker MEA , de Fátima Costa Lopes M , Dézoumbé D , Dodson S , Downs P , Eckman S , Elshafie BE , Elmezoghi M , Elvis AA , Emerson P , Epée EE , Faktaufon D , Fall M , Fassinou A , Fleming F , Flueckiger R , Gamael KK , Garae M , Garap J , Gass K , Gebru G , Gichangi MM , Giorgi E , Goépogui A , Gómez DVF , Gómez Forero DP , Gower EW , Harte A , Henry R , Honorio-Morales HA , Ilako DR , Issifou AAB , Jones E , Kabona G , Kabore M , Kadri B , Kalua K , Kanyi SK , Kebede S , Kebede F , Keenan JD , Kello AB , Khan AA , Khelifi H , Kilangalanga J , Kim SH , Ko R , Lewallen S , Lietman T , Logora MSY , Lopez YA , MacArthur C , Macleod C , Makangila F , Mariko B , Martin DL , Masika M , Massae P , Massangaie M , Matendechero HS , Mathewos T , McCullagh S , Meite A , Mendes EP , Abdi HM , Miller H , Minnih A , Mishra SK , Molefi T , Mosher A , M'Po N , Mugume F , Mukwiza R , Mwale C , Mwatha S , Mwingira U , Nash SD , Nassa C , Negussu N , Nieba C , Noah Noah JC , Nwosu CO , Olobio N , Opon R , Pavluck A , Phiri I , Rainima-Qaniuci M , Renneker KK , Saboyá-Díaz MI , Sakho F , Sanha S , Sarah V , Sarr B , Szwarcwald CL , Shah Salam A , Sharma S , Seife F , Serrano Chavez GM , Sissoko M , Sitoe HM , Sokana O , Tadesse F , Taleo F , Talero SL , Tarfani Y , Tefera A , Tekeraoi R , Tesfazion A , Traina A , Traoré L , Trujillo-Trujillo J , Tukahebwa EM , Vashist P , Wanyama EB , Warusavithana SDP , Watitu TK , West S , Win Y , Woods G , Yajima A , Yaya G , Zecarias A , Zewengiel S , Zoumanigui A , Hooper PJ , Millar T , Rotondo L , Solomon AW . Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023 30 (6) 544-560 PURPOSE: Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. METHODS: Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. RESULTS: Between 29(th) February 2016 and 24(th) April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. CONCLUSION: This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets. |
High prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular with no trachomatous trichiasis: can alternative indicators explain the epidemiology of trachoma in Côte d'Ivoire?
Atekem K , Harding-Esch EM , Martin DL , Downs P , Palmer SL , Kaboré A , Kelly M , Bovary A , Sarr A , Nguessan K , James F , Gwyn S , Wickens K , Bakhtiari A , Boyd S , Aba A , Senyonjo L , Courtright P , Meite A . Int Health 2023 15 ii3-ii11 Baseline trachoma surveys in Côte d'Ivoire (2019) identified seven evaluation units (EUs) with a trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) prevalence ≥10%, but a trachomatous trichiasis (TT) prevalence in individuals ≥15 y of age below the elimination threshold (0.2%). Two of these EUs, Bondoukou 1 and Bangolo 2, were selected for a follow-up survey to understand the epidemiology of trachoma using additional indicators of Chlamydia trachomatis infection (DNA from conjunctival swabs) and exposure (anti-Pgp3 and Ct694 antibodies from dried blood spots [DBSs]). A two-stage cluster sampling methodology was used to select villages and households. All individuals 1-9 y of age from each selected household were recruited, graded for trachoma and had a conjunctival swab and DBS collected. Conjunctival swabs and DBSs were tested using Cepheid GeneXpert and a multiplex bead assay, respectively. The age-adjusted TF and infection prevalence in 1- to 9-year-olds was <1% and <0.3% in both EUs. Age-adjusted seroprevalence was 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5 to 15.6) in Bondoukou 1 and 8.2% (95% CI 4.3 to 13.7) in Bangolo 2. The seroconversion rate for Pgp3 was low, at 1.23 seroconversions/100 children/year (95% CI 0.78 to 1.75) in Bondoukou 1 and 1.91 (95% CI 1.58 to 2.24) in Bangolo 2. Similar results were seen for CT694. These infection, antibody and clinical data provide strong evidence that trachoma is not a public health problem in either EU. |
Audiological tests used in the evaluation of the effects of solvents on the human auditory system: A mixed methods review
Roggia SM , Zucki F , Fuente A , Lacerda ABMD , Gong W , Carlson K , Morata TC . Semin Hear 2023 44 (4) 437-469 This study aimed to scope the literature, identify knowledge gaps, appraise results, and synthesize the evidence on the audiological evaluation of workers exposed to solvents. We searched Medline, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and NIOSHTIC-2 up to March 22, 2021. Using Covidence, two authors independently assessed study eligibility, risk of bias, and extracted data. National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tools was used in the quality evaluation of included studies; the Downs and Black checklist was used to assess the risk of bias. Of 454 located references, 37 were included. Twenty-five tests were studied: two tests to measure hearing thresholds, one test to measure word recognition in quiet, six electroacoustic procedures, four electrophysiological tests, and twelve behavioral tests to assess auditory processing skills. Two studies used the Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability and Handicap. The quality of individual studies was mostly considered moderate, but the overall quality of evidence was considered low. The discrepancies between studies and differences in the methodologies/outcomes prevent recommending a specific test battery to assess the auditory effects of occupational solvents. Decisions on audiological tests for patients with a history of solvent exposures require the integration of the most current research evidence with clinical expertise and stakeholder perspectives. © 2023 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.. All rights reserved. |
Geographic migration and vaccine-induced fitness changes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (preprint)
Belman S , Lefrancq N , Nzenze S , Downs S , du Plessis M , Lo S , McGee L , Madhi SA , von Gottberg A , Bentley SD , Salje H . bioRxiv 2023 18 Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia and meningitis worldwide. Many different serotypes co-circulate endemically in any one location. The extent and mechanisms of spread, and vaccine-driven changes in fitness and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), remain largely unquantified. Using geolocated genome sequences from South Africa (N=6910, 2000-2014) we developed models to reconstruct spread, pairing detailed human mobility data and genomic data. Separately we estimated the population level changes in fitness of strains that are (vaccine type, VT) and are not (non-vaccine type, NVT) included in the vaccine, first implemented in 2009, as well as differences in strain fitness between those that are and are not resistant to penicillin. We estimated that pneumococci only become homogenously mixed across South Africa after about 50 years of transmission, with the slow spread driven by the focal nature of human mobility. Further, in the years following vaccine implementation the relative fitness of NVT compared to VT strains increased (RR: 1.29 [95% CI 1.20-1.37]) - with an increasing proportion of these NVT strains becoming penicillin resistant. Our findings point to highly entrenched, slow transmission and indicate that initial vaccine-linked decreases in AMR may be transient. Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license. |
Timeliness of early identification and referral of infants with social and environmental risks
Fauth RC , Kotake C , Manning SE , Goldberg JL , Easterbrooks MA , Buxton B , Downs K . Prev Sci 2022 24 (1) 1-11 The Early Intervention Parenting Partnerships (EIPP) program is a home visiting program that provides home visits, group services, assessments and screenings, and referrals delivered by a multidisciplinary team to expectant parents and families with infants who experience socioeconomic barriers, emotional and behavioral health challenges, or other stressors. The present study examines whether EIPP successfully meets its aims of screening families for social and environmental factors that may increase the risk of children's developmental delays and connect them to the larger statewide early intervention (EI) system relative to families with similar background characteristics who do not receive EIPP. Coarsened exact matching was used to match EIPP participants who enrolled between 2013 and 2017 to a comparison group of families identified from birth certificates. Primary study outcomes including EI referrals, evaluations, and service receipt for children from 3 months to 3 years were measured using EI program data. Secondary outcomes included EI referral source, EI eligibility criteria (e.g., presence of biological, social, or environmental factors that may increase later risk for developmental delay), and information on service use. Impacts were assessed by fitting weighted regression models adjusted for preterm birth and maternal depression and substance use. EIPP participants were more likely than the comparison group to be referred to, evaluated for, and receive EI services. EIPP facilitated the identification of EI-eligible children who are at risk for developmental delays due to social or environmental factors, such as violence and substance use in the home, child protective services involvement, high levels of parenting stress, and parent chronic illness or disability. EIPP serves as an entry point into the EI system, helping families attain the comprehensive supports they may need to optimize their well-being and enhance children's development. |
Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Patel P , Rose CE , Kjetland EF , Downs JA , Mbabazi PS , Sabin K , Chege W , Watts DH , Secor WE . Int J Infect Dis 2020 102 544-553 BACKGROUND: Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) affects up to 56 million women in sub-Saharan Africa and may increase risk of HIV infection. METHODS: To assess the association of schistosomiasis with HIV infection, we examined peer-reviewed literature published until December 31, 2018 and generated a pooled estimate for the odds ratio using Bayesian random effects models. RESULTS: Of the 364 abstracts identified, 26 were included in the summary. Eight reported odds ratios of the association between schistosomiasis and HIV; one reported a transmission hazard ratio (HR) of 1·8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·2-2·6) among women and 1·4 (95% CI: 1·0-1·9) among men; 11 described the prevalence of schistosomiasis among HIV-positive persons (range, 1·5%-36·6%); and six reported the prevalence of HIV among persons with schistosomiasis (range, 5·8%-57·3%). Six studies were selected for quantitative analysis. The pooled estimate for the odds ratio of HIV among persons with schistosomiasis was 2·3 (95% CI: 1·2-4·3). CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant association of schistosomiasis with HIV. However, we could not generate a specific summary estimate for FGS. We provide a research agenda to determine the effect of FGS on HIV infection. WHO's policy on mass drug administration for schistosomiasis may prevent HIV. |
Yoga as an Adjunctive Intervention to Medication-Assisted Treatment with Buprenorphine+Naloxone
Lander L , Chiasson-Downs K , Andrew M , Rader G , Dohar S , Waibogha K . J Addict Res Ther 2018 9 (1) 354 OBJECTIVE: According to the CDC, 2.6 million people in the United States have an opioid use disorder and drug overdose is the leading cause of accidental death. Opioids are involved in 63% of overdose deaths. It is imperative that we identify evidence based treatments to stem the tide of this epidemic. This pilot study serves to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of Yoga as an adjunctive intervention for individuals with opioid use disorder in active medication-assisted treatment (MAT). METHODS: Participants (N=26) were recruited from a buprenorphine/naloxone MAT program to participate in this study. 13 participants engaged in a 12 week adjunctive yoga intervention while remaining in treatment as usual (TAU) MAT. 13 matched controls were recruited and remained in TAU MAT. Both groups were evaluated at baseline, 45 days and 90 days for changes in craving for opioids, treatment retention, relapse rates, sleep, and symptoms of anxiety and perceived stress. RESULTS: A two-way treatment by time analysis of variance was performed using a mixed effects model. The treatment by follow-up time interaction effect was significant for perceived stress (p=0.026) indicating that the yoga intervention had a larger effect than TAU (MAT). Changes in perceived stress decreased significantly over time in both the yoga intervention group and the TAU MAT matched control group. CONCLUSION: This pilot study indicated strong evidence for Yoga being an effective adjunctive treatment to MAT TAU in reducing perceived stress. Further research with a larger population is needed to determine impact on other mental health symptoms and relapse and retention rates. |
Attitudes toward mandatory ignition interlocks for all offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated
Downs J , Shults R , West B . J Safety Res 2017 63 99-103 Introduction: Ignition interlocks are effective in reducing alcohol-impaired driving recidivism for all offenders, including first-time offenders. Despite their effectiveness, interlock use among persons convicted of driving while intoxicated from alcohol (DWI) remains low. This cross-sectional survey of U.S. adults assessed public support for requiring ignition interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders including first-time offenders. The goal was to update results from a similar 2010 survey in light of new state requirements and increased interlock installations. Methods: Questions were included in the Porter Novelli FallStyles survey, which was fielded from September 28 to October 16, 2015. Participants were the 3,536 individuals who provided an opinion toward requiring ignition interlocks for all offenders. For analyses, opinion toward requiring interlocks for all offenders was dichotomized into 'agree' and 'neutral/disagree.' To handle missing data, 10 imputed datasets were created and pooled using fully conditional specification (FCS). Results: Fifty-nine percent of adults supported requiring interlocks for all DWI offenders. Multivariate analysis revealed that persons who did not report alcohol-impaired driving (AID) were 60% more likely to support requiring interlocks than those who reported AID. Having heard of interlocks also increased support. Support was generally consistent across demographic subgroups. Conclusions: Interlocks for all offenders have majority support nationwide in the current survey, consistent with previous reports. Support is lowest among those who have reported alcohol-impaired driving in the past 30. days. These results suggest that communities with higher levels of alcohol-impaired driving may be more resistant to requiring ignition interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders. Future studies should examine this association further. Practical applications: These results indicate that the majority of adults recognize DWI as a problem and support requiring interlocks for all offenders. |
Rural and urban differences in passenger-vehicle-occupant deaths and seat belt use among adults - United States, 2014
Beck LF , Downs J , Stevens MR , Sauber-Schatz EK . MMWR Surveill Summ 2017 66 (17) 1-13 PROBLEM/CONDITION: Motor-vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States. Compared with urban residents, rural residents are at an increased risk for death from crashes and are less likely to wear seat belts. These differences have not been well described by levels of rurality. REPORTING PERIOD: 2014. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS: Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to identify passenger-vehicle-occupant deaths from motor-vehicle crashes and estimate the prevalence of seat belt use. FARS, a census of U.S. motor-vehicle crashes involving one or more deaths, was used to identify passenger-vehicle-occupant deaths among adults aged ≥18 years. Passenger-vehicle occupants were defined as persons driving or riding in passenger cars, light trucks, vans, or sport utility vehicles. Death rates per 100,000 population, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population and the proportion of occupants who were unrestrained at the time of the fatal crash, were calculated. BRFSS, an annual, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population aged ≥18 years, was used to estimate prevalence of seat belt use. FARS and BRFSS data were analyzed by a six-level rural-urban designation, based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture 2013 rural-urban continuum codes, and stratified by census region and type of state seat belt enforcement law (primary or secondary). RESULTS: Within each census region, age-adjusted passenger-vehicle-occupant death rates per 100,000 population increased with increasing rurality, from the most urban to the most rural counties: South, 6.8 to 29.2; Midwest, 5.3 to 25.8; West, 3.9 to 40.0; and Northeast, 3.5 to 10.8. (For the Northeast, data for the most rural counties were not reported because of suppression criteria; comparison is for the most urban to the second-most rural counties.) Similarly, the proportion of occupants who were unrestrained at the time of the fatal crash increased as rurality increased. Self-reported seat belt use in the United States decreased with increasing rurality, ranging from 88.8% in the most urban counties to 74.7% in the most rural counties. Similar differences in age-adjusted death rates and seat belt use were observed in states with primary and secondary seat belt enforcement laws. INTERPRETATION: Rurality was associated with higher age-adjusted passenger-vehicle-occupant death rates, a higher proportion of unrestrained passenger-vehicle-occupant deaths, and lower seat belt use among adults in all census regions and regardless of state seat belt enforcement type. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: Seat belt use decreases and age-adjusted passenger-vehicle-occupant death rates increase with increasing levels of rurality. Improving seat belt use remains a critical strategy to reduce crash-related deaths in the United States, especially in rural areas where seat belt use is lower and age-adjusted death rates are higher than in urban areas. States and communities can consider using evidence-based interventions to reduce rural-urban disparities in seat belt use and passenger-vehicle-occupant death rates. |
A national safety stand-down to reduce construction worker falls
Bunting J , Branche C , Trahan C , Goldenhar L . J Safety Res 2016 60 103-111 Introduction: Falls are the leading cause of death and third leading cause of non-fatal injuries in construction. In an effort to combat these numbers, The National Campaign to Prevent Falls in Construction began in April 2012. As the campaign gained momentum, a week called the National Safety Stand-Down to Prevent Falls was launched to draw attention to the campaign and its goals. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reach of the Stand-Down and lessons learned from its implementation. Methods: The Occupational Safety & Health Administration offered a certificate of participation during the Stand-Down. To print the certificate, respondents provided information about their company and stand-down event. CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training conducted analyses on the data collected to assess reach and extent of participation. Results: In 2014, 4,882 stand-downs were reported. The total number reported in 2015 was 3,759. The number of participants, however, increased from 770,193 in 2014 to 1,041,307 in 2015. Discussion: The Stand-Down successfully reached the construction industry and beyond. Respondents were enthusiastic and participated nationally and internationally in variety of activities. They also provided significant feedback that will be influential in future campaign planning. Conclusion: Numbers of Stand-Downs and participants for both years are estimated to be substantially higher than the data recorded from the certificate database. While we cannot determine impact, the reach of the Stand-Down has surpassed expectations. Practical applications: The data gathered provide support for the continuation of the Stand-Down. Campaign planners incorporated findings into future Stand-Down planning, materials creation, and promotion. This analysis also provides insight on how organizations can partner to create targeted national campaigns that include activities stakeholders in the construction industry respond to, and can be used to replicate our efforts for other safety and health initiatives in construction and other industries. |
Reply to Hong-min et al
Shah NS , Yuen CM , Heo M , Tolman AW , Becerra MC . Clin Infect Dis 2016 62 (2) 267-8 We thank Hong-min et al for their interest in our study [1, 2]. They request clarification of the exclusion criteria of studies with fewer than 5 household contacts. We set this minimum a priori in order to avoid bias from very small studies that are likely to have poor accuracy and precision in measuring the outcomes of interest, namely, prevalence of tuberculosis disease and latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts. Our rationale was to prevent such small studies from having undue influence on estimation of overall prevalence based on random effects models. Although there may be a concern for bias in excluding small studies, this criterion applied to only 2 otherwise eligible studies [3, 4] that reported evaluation of 2 and 3 contacts of index patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Hong-min et al also suggest that including studies with a single source case could introduce significant heterogeneity and publication bias. While we agree such studies could introduce heterogeneity, we considered that including them reduces bias because studies from low-burden multidrug-resistant tuberculosis settings could be included without affecting the precision of outcome measures. | | A formal evaluation of the quality of the included studies using the suggested scales was not conducted. However, each study was eligible for inclusion only if there were data of sufficient quality and completeness to measure the outcomes of interest, as noted above, prevalence of tuberculosis disease and latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts. The studies we included in our analysis were predominantly cross-sectional. Hong-min et al suggest use of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale or Downs and Black instrument, which are intended for evaluating case-control or cohort designs. One alternative might have been to devise our own quality index (eg, assigning quality “points” to studies that use a standard evaluation protocol). Such a scale would not be considered a validated tool but, nonetheless, might have helped readers interpret our results. |
Driving self-regulation and ride service utilization in a multi-community, multi-state sample of U.S. older adults
Bird DC , Freund K , Fortinsky RH , Staplin L , West BA , Bergen G , Downs J . Traffic Inj Prev 2016 18 (3) 0 OBJECTIVES: This study examined a multi-community alternative transportation program available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for any purpose, offering door-through-door service in private automobiles to members who either do not drive or are transitioning away from driving. Specific aims were to describe: * Characteristics of members by driving status; and * Ride service usage of these members. METHODS: Data came from administrative records maintained by a non-profit ride service program and include 2,661 individuals aged 65+ residing in 14 states who joined the program between April 1, 2010 and November 8, 2013. Latent class analysis was used to group current drivers into three classes of driving status of low, medium, and high self-regulation, based on their self-reported avoidance of certain driving situations and weekly driving frequency. Demographics and ride service use rate for rides taken through March 31, 2014 by type of ride (e.g., medical, social, etc.) were calculated for non-drivers and drivers in each driving status class. RESULTS: The majority of ride service users were female (77%) and aged 65-74 years (82%). The primary method of getting around when enrolling for the transportation service was by riding with a friend or family member (60%). Among the 67,883 rides given, non-drivers took the majority (69%) of rides. Medical rides were the most common, accounting for 40% of all rides. CONCLUSIONS: Reported ride usage suggests that older adults are willing to use such ride services for a variety of trips when these services aren't limited to specific types (e.g. medical). Further research can help tailor strategies to encourage both non-drivers and drivers make better use of alternative transportation that meets the special needs of older people. |
"Know More Hepatitis:" CDC's national education campaign to increase hepatitis C testing among people born between 1945 and 1965
Jorgensen C , Carnes CA , Downs A . Public Health Rep 2016 131 29-34 In 2012, CDC issued recommendations calling for those born between 1945 and 1965, or baby boomers, to get tested for the hepatitis C virus. To help implement this recommendation, CDC developed "Know More Hepatitis," a multimedia national education campaign. Guided by behavioral science theories and formative research, the campaign used multiple strategies to reach baby boomers and health-care providers with messages encouraging baby boomers to get tested for hepatitis C. With a limited campaign budget, the "Know More Hepatitis" campaign relied mostly on donated time and space from broadcast and print outlets. Donated placements totaled approximately $14.7 million, which reflected a more than 12-to-1 return on the campaign investment. This effort was supplemented with a small, paid digital advertising campaign. Combining audience impressions from both paid and donated campaign efforts resulted in more than 1.2 billion audience impressions. |
Depressive symptoms among immigrant Latino sexual minorities
Rhodes SD , Martinez O , Song E-Y , Daniel J , Alonzo J , Eng E , Duck S , Downs M , Bloom FR , Allen AB , Miller C , Reboussin B . Am J Health Behav 2013 37 (3) 404-413 OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of depressive symptoms among immigrant Latino sexual minorities. METHODS: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms, and univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify correlates of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of depressive symptoms were 69.2% and 74.8%, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, low social support, sexual compulsivity, and high self-esteem were significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A need exists for culturally congruent mental health services for immigrant Latino sexual minorities in the southern United States. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract). |
Emergence of Onchocerca volvulus from skin mimicking Dracunculiasis medinensis
Eberhard ML , Ruiz-Tiben E , Korkor AS , Roy SL , Downs P . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 83 (6) 1348-51 We describe 11 cases of suspected Dracunculus medinensis infection in which the worm recovered was identified as Onchocerca volvulus. Identification was based on morphology of the examined specimen. |
Guinea worm disease outcomes in Ghana: determinants of broken worms
Glenshaw MT , Roy S , Ruiz-Tiben E , Downs P , Williamson J , Eberhard M . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 81 (2) 305-12 In 2006, Ghana ranked second in Guinea worm disease (GWD) incidence and reported a previously undocumented 20% prevalence of worm breakage. A prospective study was conducted in 2007 to validate and describe worm breakage and determinants. Among 221 patients with known outcomes, the worm breakage rate observed was 46%. After controlling for demographics, worm and wound presentation, and treatment course and provision, worm breakage was associated with narrow-diameter worms (< 2 mm) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-7.53). Protective factors against worm breakage included antibiotic ointment use (AOR 0.31; 95% CI = 0.14-0.70), bandage protocol compliance (AOR: 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16-0.89), intact bandages (AOR 0.27; 95% CI = 0.09-0.82), and bloody compared with dry wounds (AOR 0.09; 95% CI = 0.01-0.7). The high worm breakage rate observed warrants improvement in case management and patient care. Adherence to established treatment protocols should be facilitated through improved provider training and supervision to reduce the disabling consequences of broken worms. |
Comments from the field on the Galway Consensus Conference Statement
Burke DS , Russell J , Cerqueira MT , Conley KM , Eggleston MM , Koo D , Lewis AL , Lee AF , Pearson CE , Pestronk RM , Schwartz B , Smith WA . Health Educ Behav 2009 36 (3) 483-6 The Galway Consensus Conference Statement will strengthen a line of work that will contribute very much to health promotion. I agree with the domains of core competency for building capacity in health promotion. I suggest three important competencies that are not included or are only marginally mentioned.First, empowering people and communities requires competencies in facilitating growth, enabling and sharing the process of knowledge, and not only information. We often provide information (i.e., disseminate knowledge) but rarely share the process of developing that knowledge and the ins-and-outs, ups-and-downs of implementing experi-ences. This is important in empowering people, building confidence and self esteem.Second, as health promotion addresses the social determinants of health, it requires that professionals work with other sectors and disciplines. Intersectoral cooperation needs competencies that are not common in health promotion training; it goes beyond team work to negotiation skills, building trust, and planning across sectors. This is one of the weakest areas in the field yet critical in building healthy settings. |
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